J M Fleming; B J Leibowitz; D E Kerr; W S Cohick

Figure 10

IGF-I and -II mRNA is present in primary BMFs but not BME cells. Confluent cells were rinsed twice in serum-free DMEM followed by 20 h serum starvation and exposed to serum-free media for 8 h. Total RNA was isolated, DNAse treated then analyzed by RT-PCR with primers designed against bovine IGF-I, -II and the IGF-IR. Figure shows representative ethidium bromide stain of PCR products separated by agarose gel electrophoresis. Results are representative of three experiments.

References

↵

Adams S, Moore J, Chu S, Bagi C, DeLeon L, Liu C, Schmidt D & Sommer A 1995 Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of rhIGF-I/IGFBP-3 in the rat and monkey. Progress in Growth Factor Research 6 347–356.

↵

Allan GJ, Beattie J & Flint DJ 2004 The role of IGFBP-5 in mammary gland development and involution. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 27 257–266.

↵

Allar MA & Wood TL 2004 Expression of the insulin-like growth factor binding proteins during postnatal development of the murine mammary gland. Endocrinology 145 2467–2477.

↵

Bach LA 1999 Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-6: the ‘forgotten’ binding protein? Hormone and Metabolic Research 31 226–234.

↵

Bissell MJ, Rizki A & Mian IS 2003 Tissue architecture: the ultimate regulator of breast epithelial function. Current Opinion in Cell Biology 15 753–762.

↵

Boutinaud M, Shand JH, Park MA, Phillips K, Beattie J, Flint DJ & Allan GJ 2004 A quantitative RT-PCR study of the mRNA expression profile of the IGF axis during mammary gland development. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 33 195–207.

↵

Butt AJ, Dickson KA, McDougall F & Baxter RC 2003 Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-5 inhibits the growth of human breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Biological Chemistry 278 29676–29685.

↵

Byun D, Mohan S, Yoo M, Sexton C, Baylink DJ & Qin X 2001 Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A accounts for the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) proteolytic activity in human pregnancy serum and enhances the mitogenic activity of IGF by degrading IGFBP-4 in vitro. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 86 847–854.

↵

Camacho-Hubner C, Busby WH, McCusker RH, Wright G & Clemmons DR 1992 Identification of the forms of insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins produced by human fibroblasts and the mechanisms that regulate their secretion. Journal of Biological Chemistry 267 11949–11956.

↵

Chapman RS, Duff EK, Lourenco PC, Tonner E, Flint DJ, Clarke AR & Watson CJ 2000a A novel role for IRF-1 as a suppressor of apoptosis. Oncogene 19 6386–6391.

↵

Chapman RS, Lourenco P, Tonner E, Flint D, Selbert S, Takeda K, Akira S, Clarke AR & Watson CJ 2000b The role of Stat3 in apoptosis and mammary gland involution. Conditional deletion of Stat3. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 480 129–138.

↵

Cohick WS 1998 Role of the insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins in lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 81 1769–1777.

↵

Cohick W & Turner J 1998 Regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein synthesis by a bovine mammary epithelial cell line. Journal of Endocrinology 157 327–336.

↵

Cohick WS, Wang B, Verma P & Boisclair YR 2000 Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and cyclic adenosine 3′,5′- monophosphate regulate IGF-binding protein-3 gene expression by transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms in mammary epithelial cells. Endocrinology 141 4583–4591.

↵

Conover CA, Clarkson JT & Bale LK 1994 Insulin-like growth factor-II enhancement of human fibroblast growth via a nonreceptor-mediated mechanism. Endocrinology 135 76–82.

↵

Conover CA, Clarkson JT & Bale LK 1995a Effect of glucocorticoid on insulin-like growth factor (IGF) regulation of IGF-binding protein expression in fibroblasts. Endocrinology 136 1403–1410.

↵

Conover CA, Durham SK, Zapf J, Masiarz FR & Kiefer MC 1995b Cleavage analysis of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-dependent IGF-binding protein-4 proteolysis and expression of protease-resistant IGF-binding protein-4 mutants. Journal of Biological Chemistry 270 4395–4400.

↵

Conover CA, Bale LK, Durham SK & Powell DR 2000 Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-3 potentiation of IGF action is mediated through the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase pathway and is associated with alteration in protein kinase B/AKT sensitivity. Endocrinology 141 3098–3103.

↵

Fowlkes JL, Thrailkill KM, George-Nascimento C, Rosenberg CK & Serra DM 1997 Heparin-binding, highly basic regions within the thyroglobulin type-1 repeat of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding proteins (IGFBPs)-3, -5, and -6 inhibit IGFBP-4 degradation. Endocrinology 138 2280–2285.

↵

Grill CJ & Cohick WS 2000 Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 mediates IGF-I action in a bovine mammary epithelial cell line independent of an IGF interaction. Journal of Cellular Physiology 183 273–283.

↵

Hao X, Sun B, Hu L, Lahdesmaki H, Dunmire V, Feng Y, Zhang SW, Wang H, Wu C, Wang H et al. 2004 Differential gene and protein expression in primary breast malignancies and their lymph node metastases as revealed by combined cDNA microarray and tissue microarray analysis. Cancer 100 1110–1122.

↵

Haslam SZ & Woodward TL 2003 Host microenvironment in breast cancer development: epithelial-cell-stromal-cell interactions and steroid hormone action in normal and cancerous mammary gland. Breast Cancer Research 5 208–215.

↵

Howlett AR & Bissell MJ 1993 The influence of tissue microenvironment (stroma and extracellular matrix) on the development and function of mammary epithelium. Epithelial Cell Biology 2 79–89.

↵

Huynh HT, Robitaille G & Turner JD 1991 Establishment of bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T): an in vitro model for bovine lactation. Experimental Cell Research 197 191–199.

↵

Jones JI, Busby WH, Gockerman A, Camacho-Hubner C & Clemmons DR 1993 Extracellular matrix contains insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5: potentiation of the effects of IGF-I. Journal of Biological Chemistry 121 679–687.

↵

Lawrence JB, Oxvig C, Overgaard MT, Sottrup-Jensen L, Gleich GJ, Hays LG, Yates JR, III & Conover CA 1999 The insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-dependent IGF binding protein-4 protease secreted by human fibroblasts is pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A. PNAS 96 3149–3153.

↵

McCaig C, Perks CM & Holly JM 2002 Intrinsic actions of IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-5 on Hs578T breast cancer epithelial cells: inhibition or accentuation of attachment and survival is dependent upon the presence of fibronectin. Journal of Cell Science 115 4293–4303.

↵

McGrath MF, Collier RJ, Clemmons DR, Busby WH, Sweeny CA & Krivi GG 1991 The direct in vitro effect of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) on normal bovine mammary cell proliferation and production of IGF binding proteins. Endocrinology 129 671–678.

↵

Manni A, Badger B, Wei L, Zaenglein A, Grove R, Khin S, Heitjan D, Shimasaki S & Ling N 1994 Hormonal regulation of insulin-like growth factor II and insulin-like growth factor binding protein expression by breast cancer cells in vivo: evidence for stromal epithelial interactions. Cancer Research. 54 2934–2942.

↵

Marshman E & Streuli CH 2002 Insulin-like growth factors and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in mammary gland function. Breast Cancer Research 4 231–239.

↵

Mazerbourg S, Overgaard MT, Oxvig C, Christiansen M, Conover CA, Laurendeau I, Vidaud M, Tosser-Klopp G, Zapf J & Monget P 2001 Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) in ovine, bovine, porcine, and equine ovarian follicles: involvement in IGF binding protein-4 proteolytic degradation and mRNA expression during follicular development. Endocrinology 142 5243–5253.

↵

Miyakoshi N, Richman C, Qin X, Baylink DJ & Mohan S 1999 Effects of recombinant insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-4 on bone formation parameters in mice. Endocrinology 140 5719–5728.

↵

Miyakoshi N, Qin X, Kasukawa Y, Richman C, Srivastava AK, Baylink DJ & Mohan S 2001 Systemic administration of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) increases bone formation parameters in mice by increasing IGF bioavailability via an IGFBP-4 protease-dependent mechanism. Endocrinology 142 2641–2648.

↵

Mohan S & Baylink DJ 2002 IGF-binding proteins are multifunctional and act via IGF-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Journal of Endocrinology 175 19–31.

↵

Monget P, Mazerbourg S, Delpuech T, Maurel MC, Maniere S, Zapf J, Lalmanach G, Oxvig C & Overgaard MT 2003 Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A is involved in insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) proteolytic degradation in bovine and porcine preovulatory follicles: identification of cleavage site and characterization of IGFBP-2 degradation. Biology of Reproduction 68 77–86.

↵

Neuenschwander S, Schwartz A, Wood TL, Roberts CT & Henninghausen L 1996 Involution of the lactating mammary gland is inhibited by the IGF system in a transgenic mouse model. Journal of Clinical Investigation 97 2225–2232.

↵

Parmar H & Cunha GR 2004 Epithelial-stromal interactions in the mouse and human mammary gland in vivo. Endocrine-Related Cancer 11 437–458.

↵

Phillips K, Park MA, Quarrie LH, Boutinaud M, Lochrie JD, Flint DJ, Allan GJ & Beattie J 2003 Hormonal control of IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-5 and IGFBP-2 secretion during differentiation of the HC11 mouse mammary epithelial cell line. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 31 197–208.

↵

Plath-Gabler A, Gabler C, Sinowatz F, Berisha B & Schams D 2001 The expression of the IGF family and GH receptor in the bovine mammary gland. Journal of Endocrinology 168 39–48.

↵

Rajaram S, Baylink DJ & Mohan S 1997 Insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins in serum and other biological fluids: regulation and functions. Endocrine Reviews 18 801–831.

↵

Richert MM & Wood TL 1999 The insulin-like growth factors (IGF) and IGF type I receptor during postnatal growth of the murine mammary gland: sites of messenger ribonucleic acid expression and potential functions. Endocrinology 140 454–461.

↵

Romagnolo D, Akers RM, Byatt JC, Wong EA & Turner JD 1994 Regulation of expression of IGF-I-induced IGFBP-3 and IGF-I receptor by consititutive vs regulated expression of recombinant IGF-I in transfected mammary epithelial cells. Endocrine Journal 2 375–384.

↵

Ruan W & Kleinberg DL 1999 Insulin-like growth factor I is essential for terminal end bud formation and ductal morphogenesis during mammary development. Endocrinology 140 5075–5081.

↵

Schedlich LJ & Graham LD 2002 Role of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 in breast cancer cell growth. Microscopy Research and Technique 59 12–22.

↵

Strange KS, Wilkinson D, Edin G & Emerman JT 2004 Mitogenic properties of insulin-like growth factors I and II, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 and epidermal growth factor on human breast stromal cells in primary culture. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 84 77–84.

↵

Tonner E, Barber MC, Travers MT, Logan A & Flint DJ 1997 Hormonal control of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-5 production in the involuting mammary gland of the rat. Endocrinology 138 5101–5107.

↵

Voge JL, Santiago CA, Aad PY, Goad DW, Malayer JR & Spicer LJ 2004 Quantification of insulin-like growth factor binding protein mRNA using real-time PCR in bovine granulosa and theca cells: effect of estradiol, insulin, and gonadotropins. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 26 241–258.

↵

Wang J, Niu W, Nikiforov Y, Naito S, Chernausek S, Witte D, LeRoith D, Strauch A & Fagin JA 1997 Targeted overexpression of IGF-I evokes distinct patterns of organ remodeling in smooth muscle cell tissue beds of transgenic mice. Journal of Clinical Investigation 100 1425–1439.

↵

Wang J, Niu W, Witte DP, Chernausek SD, Nikiforov YE, Clemens TL, Sharifi B, Strauch AR & Fagin JA 1998 Overexpression of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) in smooth muscle cells of transgenic mice through a smooth muscle alpha-actin-IGFBP-4 fusion gene induces smooth muscle hypoplasia. Endocrinology 139 2605–2614.

↵

Weber MS, Boyle PL, Corl BA, Wong EA, Gwazdauskas FC & Akers RM 1998 Expression of ovine insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) stimulates alveolar bud development in mammary glands of transgenic mice. Endocrine 8 251–259.

↵

Weber MS, Purup S, Vestergaard M, Ellis SE, Scndergard-Andersen J, Akers RM & Sejrsen K 1999 Contribution of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-binding protein-3 to mitogenic activity in bovine mammary extracts and serum. Journal of Endocrinology 161 365–373.

↵

Wellnitz O & Kerr DE 2004 Cryopreserved bovine mammary cells to model epithelial response to infection. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 101 191–202.

↵

Woodward TL, Turner JD, Huynh HT & Zhao X 1996 Inhibition of cellular proliferation and modulation of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins by retinoids in a bovine mammary epithelial cell line. Journal of Cellular Physiology 167 488–499.

↵

Zhang M, Smith EP, Kuroda H, Banach W, Chernausek SD & Fagin JA 2002 Targeted expression of a protease-resistant IGFBP-4 mutant in smooth muscle of transgenic mice results in IGFBP-4 stabilization and smooth muscle hypotrophy. Journal of Biological Chemistry 277 21285–21290.

↵

Zhou R, Diehl D, Hoeflich A, Lahm H & Wolf E 2003 IGF-binding protein-4: biochemical characteristics and functional consequences. Journal of Endocrinology 178 177–193.

[1] ↵

Adams S, Moore J, Chu S, Bagi C, DeLeon L, Liu C, Schmidt D & Sommer A 1995 Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of rhIGF-I/IGFBP-3 in the rat and monkey. Progress in Growth Factor Research 6 347–356.

[2] ↵

Allan GJ, Beattie J & Flint DJ 2004 The role of IGFBP-5 in mammary gland development and involution. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 27 257–266.

[3] ↵

Allar MA & Wood TL 2004 Expression of the insulin-like growth factor binding proteins during postnatal development of the murine mammary gland. Endocrinology 145 2467–2477.

[4] ↵

Bach LA 1999 Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-6: the ‘forgotten’ binding protein? Hormone and Metabolic Research 31 226–234.

[5] ↵

Bissell MJ, Rizki A & Mian IS 2003 Tissue architecture: the ultimate regulator of breast epithelial function. Current Opinion in Cell Biology 15 753–762.

[6] ↵

Boutinaud M, Shand JH, Park MA, Phillips K, Beattie J, Flint DJ & Allan GJ 2004 A quantitative RT-PCR study of the mRNA expression profile of the IGF axis during mammary gland development. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 33 195–207.

[7] ↵

Butt AJ, Dickson KA, McDougall F & Baxter RC 2003 Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-5 inhibits the growth of human breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Biological Chemistry 278 29676–29685.

[8] ↵

Byun D, Mohan S, Yoo M, Sexton C, Baylink DJ & Qin X 2001 Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A accounts for the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) proteolytic activity in human pregnancy serum and enhances the mitogenic activity of IGF by degrading IGFBP-4 in vitro. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 86 847–854.

[9] ↵

Camacho-Hubner C, Busby WH, McCusker RH, Wright G & Clemmons DR 1992 Identification of the forms of insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins produced by human fibroblasts and the mechanisms that regulate their secretion. Journal of Biological Chemistry 267 11949–11956.

[10] ↵

Chapman RS, Duff EK, Lourenco PC, Tonner E, Flint DJ, Clarke AR & Watson CJ 2000a A novel role for IRF-1 as a suppressor of apoptosis. Oncogene 19 6386–6391.

[11] ↵

Chapman RS, Lourenco P, Tonner E, Flint D, Selbert S, Takeda K, Akira S, Clarke AR & Watson CJ 2000b The role of Stat3 in apoptosis and mammary gland involution. Conditional deletion of Stat3. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 480 129–138.

[12] ↵

Cohick WS 1998 Role of the insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins in lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 81 1769–1777.

[13] ↵

Cohick W & Turner J 1998 Regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein synthesis by a bovine mammary epithelial cell line. Journal of Endocrinology 157 327–336.

[14] ↵

Cohick WS, Wang B, Verma P & Boisclair YR 2000 Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and cyclic adenosine 3′,5′- monophosphate regulate IGF-binding protein-3 gene expression by transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms in mammary epithelial cells. Endocrinology 141 4583–4591.

[15] ↵

Conover CA, Clarkson JT & Bale LK 1994 Insulin-like growth factor-II enhancement of human fibroblast growth via a nonreceptor-mediated mechanism. Endocrinology 135 76–82.

[16] ↵

Conover CA, Clarkson JT & Bale LK 1995a Effect of glucocorticoid on insulin-like growth factor (IGF) regulation of IGF-binding protein expression in fibroblasts. Endocrinology 136 1403–1410.

[17] ↵

Conover CA, Durham SK, Zapf J, Masiarz FR & Kiefer MC 1995b Cleavage analysis of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-dependent IGF-binding protein-4 proteolysis and expression of protease-resistant IGF-binding protein-4 mutants. Journal of Biological Chemistry 270 4395–4400.

[18] ↵

Conover CA, Bale LK, Durham SK & Powell DR 2000 Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-3 potentiation of IGF action is mediated through the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase pathway and is associated with alteration in protein kinase B/AKT sensitivity. Endocrinology 141 3098–3103.

[19] ↵

Fowlkes JL, Thrailkill KM, George-Nascimento C, Rosenberg CK & Serra DM 1997 Heparin-binding, highly basic regions within the thyroglobulin type-1 repeat of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding proteins (IGFBPs)-3, -5, and -6 inhibit IGFBP-4 degradation. Endocrinology 138 2280–2285.

[20] ↵

Grill CJ & Cohick WS 2000 Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 mediates IGF-I action in a bovine mammary epithelial cell line independent of an IGF interaction. Journal of Cellular Physiology 183 273–283.

[21] ↵

Hao X, Sun B, Hu L, Lahdesmaki H, Dunmire V, Feng Y, Zhang SW, Wang H, Wu C, Wang H et al. 2004 Differential gene and protein expression in primary breast malignancies and their lymph node metastases as revealed by combined cDNA microarray and tissue microarray analysis. Cancer 100 1110–1122.

[22] ↵

Haslam SZ & Woodward TL 2003 Host microenvironment in breast cancer development: epithelial-cell-stromal-cell interactions and steroid hormone action in normal and cancerous mammary gland. Breast Cancer Research 5 208–215.

[23] ↵

Howlett AR & Bissell MJ 1993 The influence of tissue microenvironment (stroma and extracellular matrix) on the development and function of mammary epithelium. Epithelial Cell Biology 2 79–89.

[24] ↵

Huynh HT, Robitaille G & Turner JD 1991 Establishment of bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T): an in vitro model for bovine lactation. Experimental Cell Research 197 191–199.

[25] ↵

Jones JI, Busby WH, Gockerman A, Camacho-Hubner C & Clemmons DR 1993 Extracellular matrix contains insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5: potentiation of the effects of IGF-I. Journal of Biological Chemistry 121 679–687.

[26] ↵

Lawrence JB, Oxvig C, Overgaard MT, Sottrup-Jensen L, Gleich GJ, Hays LG, Yates JR, III & Conover CA 1999 The insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-dependent IGF binding protein-4 protease secreted by human fibroblasts is pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A. PNAS 96 3149–3153.

[27] ↵

McCaig C, Perks CM & Holly JM 2002 Intrinsic actions of IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-5 on Hs578T breast cancer epithelial cells: inhibition or accentuation of attachment and survival is dependent upon the presence of fibronectin. Journal of Cell Science 115 4293–4303.

[28] ↵

McGrath MF, Collier RJ, Clemmons DR, Busby WH, Sweeny CA & Krivi GG 1991 The direct in vitro effect of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) on normal bovine mammary cell proliferation and production of IGF binding proteins. Endocrinology 129 671–678.

[29] ↵

Manni A, Badger B, Wei L, Zaenglein A, Grove R, Khin S, Heitjan D, Shimasaki S & Ling N 1994 Hormonal regulation of insulin-like growth factor II and insulin-like growth factor binding protein expression by breast cancer cells in vivo: evidence for stromal epithelial interactions. Cancer Research. 54 2934–2942.

[30] ↵

Marshman E & Streuli CH 2002 Insulin-like growth factors and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in mammary gland function. Breast Cancer Research 4 231–239.

[31] ↵

Mazerbourg S, Overgaard MT, Oxvig C, Christiansen M, Conover CA, Laurendeau I, Vidaud M, Tosser-Klopp G, Zapf J & Monget P 2001 Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) in ovine, bovine, porcine, and equine ovarian follicles: involvement in IGF binding protein-4 proteolytic degradation and mRNA expression during follicular development. Endocrinology 142 5243–5253.

[32] ↵

Miyakoshi N, Richman C, Qin X, Baylink DJ & Mohan S 1999 Effects of recombinant insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-4 on bone formation parameters in mice. Endocrinology 140 5719–5728.

[33] ↵

Miyakoshi N, Qin X, Kasukawa Y, Richman C, Srivastava AK, Baylink DJ & Mohan S 2001 Systemic administration of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) increases bone formation parameters in mice by increasing IGF bioavailability via an IGFBP-4 protease-dependent mechanism. Endocrinology 142 2641–2648.

[34] ↵

Mohan S & Baylink DJ 2002 IGF-binding proteins are multifunctional and act via IGF-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Journal of Endocrinology 175 19–31.

[35] ↵

Monget P, Mazerbourg S, Delpuech T, Maurel MC, Maniere S, Zapf J, Lalmanach G, Oxvig C & Overgaard MT 2003 Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A is involved in insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) proteolytic degradation in bovine and porcine preovulatory follicles: identification of cleavage site and characterization of IGFBP-2 degradation. Biology of Reproduction 68 77–86.

[36] ↵

Neuenschwander S, Schwartz A, Wood TL, Roberts CT & Henninghausen L 1996 Involution of the lactating mammary gland is inhibited by the IGF system in a transgenic mouse model. Journal of Clinical Investigation 97 2225–2232.

[37] ↵

Parmar H & Cunha GR 2004 Epithelial-stromal interactions in the mouse and human mammary gland in vivo. Endocrine-Related Cancer 11 437–458.

[38] ↵

Phillips K, Park MA, Quarrie LH, Boutinaud M, Lochrie JD, Flint DJ, Allan GJ & Beattie J 2003 Hormonal control of IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-5 and IGFBP-2 secretion during differentiation of the HC11 mouse mammary epithelial cell line. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 31 197–208.

[39] ↵

Plath-Gabler A, Gabler C, Sinowatz F, Berisha B & Schams D 2001 The expression of the IGF family and GH receptor in the bovine mammary gland. Journal of Endocrinology 168 39–48.

[40] ↵

Rajaram S, Baylink DJ & Mohan S 1997 Insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins in serum and other biological fluids: regulation and functions. Endocrine Reviews 18 801–831.

[41] ↵

Richert MM & Wood TL 1999 The insulin-like growth factors (IGF) and IGF type I receptor during postnatal growth of the murine mammary gland: sites of messenger ribonucleic acid expression and potential functions. Endocrinology 140 454–461.

[42] ↵

Romagnolo D, Akers RM, Byatt JC, Wong EA & Turner JD 1994 Regulation of expression of IGF-I-induced IGFBP-3 and IGF-I receptor by consititutive vs regulated expression of recombinant IGF-I in transfected mammary epithelial cells. Endocrine Journal 2 375–384.

[43] ↵

Ruan W & Kleinberg DL 1999 Insulin-like growth factor I is essential for terminal end bud formation and ductal morphogenesis during mammary development. Endocrinology 140 5075–5081.

[44] ↵

Schedlich LJ & Graham LD 2002 Role of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 in breast cancer cell growth. Microscopy Research and Technique 59 12–22.

[45] ↵

Strange KS, Wilkinson D, Edin G & Emerman JT 2004 Mitogenic properties of insulin-like growth factors I and II, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 and epidermal growth factor on human breast stromal cells in primary culture. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 84 77–84.

[46] ↵

Tonner E, Barber MC, Travers MT, Logan A & Flint DJ 1997 Hormonal control of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-5 production in the involuting mammary gland of the rat. Endocrinology 138 5101–5107.

[47] ↵

Voge JL, Santiago CA, Aad PY, Goad DW, Malayer JR & Spicer LJ 2004 Quantification of insulin-like growth factor binding protein mRNA using real-time PCR in bovine granulosa and theca cells: effect of estradiol, insulin, and gonadotropins. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 26 241–258.

[48] ↵

Wang J, Niu W, Nikiforov Y, Naito S, Chernausek S, Witte D, LeRoith D, Strauch A & Fagin JA 1997 Targeted overexpression of IGF-I evokes distinct patterns of organ remodeling in smooth muscle cell tissue beds of transgenic mice. Journal of Clinical Investigation 100 1425–1439.

[49] ↵

Wang J, Niu W, Witte DP, Chernausek SD, Nikiforov YE, Clemens TL, Sharifi B, Strauch AR & Fagin JA 1998 Overexpression of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) in smooth muscle cells of transgenic mice through a smooth muscle alpha-actin-IGFBP-4 fusion gene induces smooth muscle hypoplasia. Endocrinology 139 2605–2614.

[50] ↵

Weber MS, Boyle PL, Corl BA, Wong EA, Gwazdauskas FC & Akers RM 1998 Expression of ovine insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) stimulates alveolar bud development in mammary glands of transgenic mice. Endocrine 8 251–259.

[51] ↵

Weber MS, Purup S, Vestergaard M, Ellis SE, Scndergard-Andersen J, Akers RM & Sejrsen K 1999 Contribution of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-binding protein-3 to mitogenic activity in bovine mammary extracts and serum. Journal of Endocrinology 161 365–373.

[52] ↵

Wellnitz O & Kerr DE 2004 Cryopreserved bovine mammary cells to model epithelial response to infection. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 101 191–202.

[53] ↵

Woodward TL, Turner JD, Huynh HT & Zhao X 1996 Inhibition of cellular proliferation and modulation of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins by retinoids in a bovine mammary epithelial cell line. Journal of Cellular Physiology 167 488–499.

[54] ↵

Zhang M, Smith EP, Kuroda H, Banach W, Chernausek SD & Fagin JA 2002 Targeted expression of a protease-resistant IGFBP-4 mutant in smooth muscle of transgenic mice results in IGFBP-4 stabilization and smooth muscle hypotrophy. Journal of Biological Chemistry 277 21285–21290.

[55] ↵

Zhou R, Diehl D, Hoeflich A, Lahm H & Wolf E 2003 IGF-binding protein-4: biochemical characteristics and functional consequences. Journal of Endocrinology 178 177–193.

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