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Active immunization of an ovariectomized rhesus monkey against testosterone-3-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime–bovine serum albumin produced an antiserum with a high degree of specificity towards testosterone. Passive immunization of ovariectomized, oestrogen-treated monkeys with this antiserum resulted in significant reductions in proceptive and/or receptive behaviours in the majority of animals. This effect could be reversed by treatment with 17-methyltestosterone, a steroid which showed only 6% cross-reaction with the antiserum. Passive immunization caused an increase in the binding of testosterone by the -globulin fraction of serum isolated by treatment with 2-ethoxy-6,9-diaminoacridine lactate. The present findings emphasize the importance of androgens of adrenal origin in the regulation of sexual behaviour in the female rhesus monkey.