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The mean rate of excretion of neurophysins in the urine of 16 patients with kidney disease but without tubular dysfunction was 0·48 ± 0·14 (S.E.M.) ng/min, whereas the rate in 16 patients with tubular dysfunction was 3·64 ± 1·56 ng/min (significantly different; 2P < 0·01). In the whole group of 32 patients there was a relationship (r = 0·57) between the rate of excretion of neurophysins in the urine and the clearance of lysozyme. The increased rate of urinary excretion of neurophysins observed in some patients with kidney disease therefore appears to be related to a disorder of renal tubular function. It is shown that the raised levels of neurophysins observed in the serum of some patients with kidney disease are not attributable to a decrease in the urinary clearance of neurophysins.