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One of the first observations which showed differences between the livers of male and female rats was that by Deuel, Gulick, Grunewald & Cutler [1934], who noted that the liver glycogen of normal adult male rats remained at a constantly higher level than that of females during periods of fasting up to 3 days. Deuel, Butts, Hallman, Murray & Blunden [1937] found that this sex difference was present also in non-fasted adult animals, while it was absent in immature and in senile rats. The decreased glycogen content of the liver of female rats was probably due to an inhibitory effect of the ovary.

Korenchevsky, Hall, Burbank & Cohen [1941] found that the size of the liver cell is smaller in the female than in the male rat. Orchidectomy decreased both actual and relative liver weights and oöphorectomy the relative liver weight, in either case without significant change in the size