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A single injection of 20 µg chlorpromazine/g body weight into male rats 10 days after birth accelerated spermatogenesis when the animals were 45 days old; this was not observed in rats injected on days 1, 5, 8, 12 or 15 of life. When half an ovary was grafted into the eye of rats treated on day 10, they showed a higher incidence of luteinization than ovarian grafts in rats treated at any other age. Compared with animals surgically castrated at the same age, chlorpromazine did not act as by 'pharmacological castration', but induced some alteration in the brain which promoted higher secretion of luteinizing hormone, characteristic of the female pattern of gonadotrophin control, as demonstrated by accelerated spermatogenesis and a higher degree of luteinization. These results suggest that the sexual differentiation of the brain occurs on about the 10th day of postnatal life and can be blocked by chlorpromazine.