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Department of Biosciences and Nutrition at Novum, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 57 Huddinge, Sweden¹ Department of Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-Oka, Suita-City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan² Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden

(Correspondence should be addressed to L Lundholm; Email: lovisa.lundholm{at}biosci.ki.se)

Obesity has become a major health problem in many parts of the world. Estrogens are known to reduce adipose tissue mass in both humans and animals but the molecular mechanisms are not well characterized. We used gene expression profiling to study long-term effects of estrogen on gene expression in mouse white adipose tissue and hypothalamus. Overall, the effects of estrogen on hypothalamic gene expression were much smaller than the corresponding effects on white adipose tissue gene expression. We characterize in detail estrogenic regulation of glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3). Our studies suggest that GPX3 is a direct estrogen receptor target gene in white adipose tissue. Since obesity is correlated with oxidative stress, and GPX3 has been demonstrated to be lower in obesity and higher after weight loss, we hypothesize that GPX3 is one important mediator of effects of estrogen in relation to fat mass. Additional genes that were affected by estrogen in adipose tissue include cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor, -subunit-like effector A (CIDEA), a gene shown to be related to body fat in mice. We conclude that estrogen has large effects on gene expression in white adipose tissue and hypothesize that GPX3 and CIDEA could be important mediators of the effects of estrogen on fat mass.