HOME HELP CONTACT US SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in Web of Science Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Web of Science (70) Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Connell, J. M C Articles by Davies, E. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Connell, J. M C Articles by Davies, E.

STARLING REVIEW

MRC Blood Pressure Group, Division of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Gardiner Institute, Western Infirmary, Glasgow G11 6NT, UK

(Requests for offprints should be addressed to J M C Connell; Email: j.connell{at}clinmed.gla.ac.uk)

Classically, aldosterone is synthesised in the adrenal zona glomerulosa and binds to specific mineralocorticoid receptors located in the cytosol of target epithelial cells. Translocation of the resulting steroid receptor complex to the cell nucleus modulates gene expression and translation of specific ‘aldosterone-induced’ proteins that regulate electrolyte and fluid balance. However, non-epithelial and rapid non-genomic actions of aldosterone have also been described that account for a variety of actions of aldosterone that contribute to blood pressure homeostasis. These include key actions on endothelial cells and on cardiac tissue.

There is also evidence that aldosterone can be synthesised in other tissues; the most convincing evidence relates to the central nervous system. However, suggestions that aldosterone is produced in the heart remain controversial, and adrenal derived aldosterone is the principal source of circulating and locally available hormone.

Recent studies have shown major therapeutic benefits of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism in cardiac failure, which emphasise the importance of aldosterone in causing adverse cardiovascular pathophysiological effects. Additional evidence demonstrates that aldosterone levels predict development of high blood pressure in normotensive subjects, while it is now clear that increased aldosterone action contributes to hypertension and cardiovascular damage in approximately 10% of patients with established hypertension.

These new findings highlight the role of aldosterone as a key cardiovascular hormone and extend our understanding of its role in determining adverse cardiovascular outcomes.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				E. P. Gomez-Sanchez The mammalian mineralocorticoid receptor: tying down a promiscuous receptor Exp Physiol, January 1, 2010; 95(1): 13 - 18. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. B. Felder Mineralocorticoid receptors, inflammation and sympathetic drive in a rat model of systolic heart failure Exp Physiol, January 1, 2010; 95(1): 19 - 25. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Alvarez-Madrazo, S. Padmanabhan, B. M. Mayosi, H. Watkins, P. Avery, A. M. Wallace, R. Fraser, E. Davies, B. Keavney, and J. M. Connell Familial and Phenotypic Associations of the Aldosterone Renin Ratio J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2009; 94(11): 4324 - 4333. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. C. Geerling and A. D. Loewy Aldosterone in the brain Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, September 1, 2009; 297(3): F559 - F576. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Bunda, Y. Wang, T. F. Mitts, P. Liu, S. Arab, M. Arabkhari, and A. Hinek Aldosterone Stimulates Elastogenesis in Cardiac Fibroblasts via Mineralocorticoid Receptor-independent Action Involving the Consecutive Activation of G{alpha}13, c-Src, the Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Receptor, and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt J. Biol. Chem., June 12, 2009; 284(24): 16633 - 16647. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Whaley-Connell, J. Habibi, Y. Wei, A. Gutweiler, J. Jellison, C. E. Wiedmeyer, C. M. Ferrario, and J. R. Sowers Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism attenuates glomerular filtration barrier remodeling in the transgenic Ren2 rat Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, May 1, 2009; 296(5): F1013 - F1022. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Xue, D. Badaue-Passos Jr, F. Guo, C. E. Gomez-Sanchez, M. Hay, and A. K. Johnson Sex differences and central protective effect of 17{beta}-estradiol in the development of aldosterone/NaCl-induced hypertension Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 2009; 296(5): H1577 - H1585. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Lymperopoulos, G. Rengo, C. Zincarelli, J. Kim, S. Soltys, and W. J. Koch An adrenal {beta}-arrestin 1-mediated signaling pathway underlies angiotensin II-induced aldosterone production in vitro and in vivo PNAS, April 7, 2009; 106(14): 5825 - 5830. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Escher Hyperaldosteronism in pregnancy Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease, April 1, 2009; 3(2): 123 - 132. [Abstract] [PDF]

				Y. Ochiai, Y.-Q. Liang, M. Serizawa, and N. Kato Dynamic changes of the renin-angiotensin and associated systems in the rat after pharmacological and dietary interventions in vivo Physiol Genomics, November 12, 2008; 35(3): 330 - 340. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Sanchez-Lemus, Y. Murakami, I. M. Larrayoz-Roldan, A. J. Moughamian, J. Pavel, T. Nishioku, and J. M. Saavedra Angiotensin II AT1 Receptor Blockade Decreases Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in the Rat Adrenal Gland Endocrinology, October 1, 2008; 149(10): 5177 - 5188. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Lastra, A. Whaley-Connell, C. Manrique, J. Habibi, A. A. Gutweiler, L. Appesh, M. R. Hayden, Y. Wei, C. Ferrario, and J. R. Sowers Low-dose spironolactone reduces reactive oxygen species generation and improves insulin-stimulated glucose transport in skeletal muscle in the TG(mRen2)27 rat Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, July 1, 2008; 295(1): E110 - E116. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H.-Y. Lim, J. van den Brandt, M. Fassnacht, B. Allolio, M. J. Herold, and H. M. Reichardt Silencing of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor by Ribonucleic Acid Interference in Transgenic Rats Disrupts Endocrine Homeostasis Mol. Endocrinol., June 1, 2008; 22(6): 1304 - 1311. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. P. Shapiro, T. E. Owan, S. Mohammed, M. Kruger, W. A. Linke, J. C. Burnett Jr, and M. M. Redfield Mineralocorticoid Signaling in Transition to Heart Failure With Normal Ejection Fraction Hypertension, February 1, 2008; 51(2): 289 - 295. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Swaminathan, J. Davies, and A. Struthers Review: Aldosterone antagonism in type 2 diabetes mellitus -- a new therapeutic approach to diabetic macrovascular disease? The British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular Disease, January 1, 2008; 8(1): 16 - 19. [Abstract] [PDF]

				N. I. Parikh, P. Gona, M. G. Larson, T. J. Wang, C. Newton-Cheh, D. Levy, E. J. Benjamin, W. B. Kannel, and R. S. Vasan Plasma renin and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality: the Framingham Heart Study Eur. Heart J., November 1, 2007; 28(21): 2644 - 2652. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Muto, N. Ueda, T. Opthof, T. Ohkusa, K. Nagata, S. Suzuki, Y. Tsuji, M. Horiba, J.-K. Lee, H. Honjo, et al. Aldosterone modulates If current through gene expression in cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2007; 293(5): H2710 - H2718. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. S. Rigsby, A. E. Burch, S. Ogbi, D. M. Pollock, and A. M. Dorrance Intact female stroke-prone hypertensive rats lack responsiveness to mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, October 1, 2007; 293(4): R1754 - R1763. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				O. Mirabeau, E. Perlas, C. Severini, E. Audero, O. Gascuel, R. Possenti, E. Birney, N. Rosenthal, and C. Gross Identification of novel peptide hormones in the human proteome by hidden Markov model screening Genome Res., March 1, 2007; 17(3): 320 - 327. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. M. Luther, J. V. Gainer, L. J. Murphey, C. Yu, D. E. Vaughan, J. D. Morrow, and N. J. Brown Angiotensin II Induces Interleukin-6 in Humans Through a Mineralocorticoid Receptor-Dependent Mechanism Hypertension, December 1, 2006; 48(6): 1050 - 1057. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Riazi, O. Khan, X. Hu, and C. A. Ecelbarger Aldosterone infusion with high-NaCl diet increases blood pressure in obese but not lean Zucker rats Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, September 1, 2006; 291(3): F597 - F605. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Bochud, J. Nussberger, P. Bovet, M. R. Maillard, R. C. Elston, F. Paccaud, C. Shamlaye, and M. Burnier Plasma Aldosterone Is Independently Associated With the Metabolic Syndrome Hypertension, August 1, 2006; 48(2): 239 - 245. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Brizuela, M. Rabano, A. Pena, P. Gangoiti, J. M. Macarulla, M. Trueba, and A. Gomez-Munoz Sphingosine 1-phosphate: a novel stimulator of aldosterone secretion J. Lipid Res., June 1, 2006; 47(6): 1238 - 1249. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Oberleithner, C. Riethmuller, T. Ludwig, V. Shahin, C. Stock, A. Schwab, M. Hausberg, K. Kusche, and H. Schillers Differential action of steroid hormones on human endothelium. J. Cell Sci., May 1, 2006; 119(Pt 9): 1926 - 1932. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. M. Dorrance, N. C. Rupp, and E. F. Nogueira Mineralocorticoid Receptor Activation Causes Cerebral Vessel Remodeling and Exacerbates the Damage Caused by Cerebral Ischemia Hypertension, March 1, 2006; 47(3): 590 - 595. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]