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Bovine Functional Genomics Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
1 EMBRAPA-National Dairy Cattle Research Center, Juiz de Fora-MG, 36038-330, Brazil
2 Production Systems Research, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA
3 Roslin Institute, Midlothian EH25 9PS, Scotland, UK
(Requests for offprints should be addressed to A V Capuco, Building 200, Room 14, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; Email: acapuco{at}anri.barc.usda.gov)
Steroid receptors are key transcriptional regulators of mammary growth, development and lactation. Expression of estrogen receptors alpha (ER
) and beta (ERß), progesterone receptor (PR), and estrogen-related receptor alpha-1 (ERRß) have been evaluated in bovine mammary gland. The ERR is an orphan receptor that, in other species and tissues, appears to function in the regulation of estrogen-response genes including lactoferrin and medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and in mitochondrial biogenesis. Expression of ER, ERß, PR and ERR was characterized in mammary tissue obtained from multiple stages of bovine mammary gland development using quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Expression was evaluated in prepubertal heifers, primigravid cows, lactating non-pregnant cows, lactating pregnant cows and non-lactating pregnant cows (n=4 to 9 animals/stage). In addition, ER, ERß, PR and ERR were mapped to chromosomes 9, 10, 15 and 29 respectively, by linkage and radiation hybrid mapping. Results indicated that expression of ER, PR and ERR was largely coordinately regulated and they were present in significant quantity during all physiological stages evaluated. In contrast, ERß transcripts were present at a very low concentration during all stages. Furthermore, no ERß protein could be detected in bovine mammary tissue by immunohistochemistry. The ER and PR proteins were detected during all physiological states, including lactation. Our results demonstrate the presence of ER, PR and ERR during all physiological stages, and suggest a functional role for ERR and a relative lack of a role for ERß in bovine mammary gland development and lactation.
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