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Regulation of reproduction by indoleamines through the hypothalamo–hypophysial system: The involvement of central indoleamines in the control of mammalian reproduction is well documented. In particular, serotonin (Lecorre & Chemineau 1993, Vitale & Chiochio 1993) and melatonin (Reiter 1980, Arendt 1986, Hazlerigg et al. 1991, Bittman 1993, Cassone et al. 1993) mediate the influence of short photoperiod on reproduction in temperate mammalian species: darkness stimulates the production of hypothalamic and/or pineal indoleamines, which via the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus and pars tuberalis inhibit hypothalamic luteinizing hormone (LH)-releasing hormone production and release. They thereby regulate gonadotrophin output. Melatonin can also act directly on the hypophysis inhibiting LH (Hattori et al. 1995, Vanacek 1995a) and stimulating growth hormone (Valcavi et al. 1993) release possibly via cAMP- and Ca²⁺-dependent intracellular mechanisms (Vanacek I995a,b).

On the other hand, direct and indirect evidence has accumulated to suggest that indoleamines may also have another mechansim of action

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