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For many years hormone secretion was the sole indicator of hormone synthesis available but the emergence of molecular biology and the provision of cDNA probes enabled synthesis to be studied in more detail, particularly with regard to changes in the rate of gene transcription and steady-state mRNA levels. However, the limitations of these approaches have become apparent, with paradoxical results whereby changes in the rate of transcription do not parallel changes in hormone production. These observations provided evidence for the presence of posttranscriptional sites of regulation in addition to those at transcription and secretion.

Over the last few years, post-transcriptional regulation has been studied in detail for many proteins, including a range of intracellular 'housekeeping' proteins and exported products including hormones. Figure 1 depicts the protein synthetic pathway from gene transcription to polypeptide production on ribosomes and serves to illustrate some of the sites at which regulation may occur. The